A1C - A blood test reflecting average blood glucose over roughly the past 2-3 months.
Basal insulin - Background, long-acting insulin that covers glucose needs between meals and overnight.
Bolus insulin - A dose of rapid- or short-acting insulin taken to cover a meal or correct a high reading.
CGM - Continuous glucose monitor; a sensor that tracks glucose levels throughout the day.
Hyperglycemia - Blood glucose that is higher than the target range.
Hypoglycemia - Blood glucose that is lower than the target range; can be a medical emergency if severe.
Insulin resistance - Reduced responsiveness of cells to insulin's signal.
Insulin sensitivity - How effectively a given amount of insulin lowers blood glucose.
Insulin-to-carb ratio - A personalized ratio used to calculate mealtime insulin doses based on carbohydrate intake.
Lipohypertrophy - Lumpy fatty tissue buildup from repeated injections at the same site.
Titration - Gradually adjusting an insulin dose over time to reach a target.
Time in range (TIR) - The percentage of time glucose levels stay within a target range, often tracked via CGM.